tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-61054428382863065352024-03-14T16:21:32.352+08:00BAHASAKU INDAHMOHD HELMIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11159589690919881510noreply@blogger.comBlogger41125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6105442838286306535.post-38147806086013715142012-05-28T12:24:00.002+08:002012-05-28T12:53:50.835+08:00KAMUS SOSIOLINGUISTIK<br />
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Istilah yang dinyatakan adalah istilah atau
perkataan yang sering digunakan dalam bidang sosiolinguistik. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">BIL</span></b></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">ISTILAH</span></b></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">MAKSUD</span></b></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">1.</span></b></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Antropolinguistik</span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Salah satu cabang linguistik yang menelaah hubngan antara bahasa dan budaya terutama untuk mengamati cara bahasa itu digunakan sehari-hari sebagai alat dalam tindakan bermasyarakat.</span></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">2.</span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Asimilasi
bahasa</b><b> </b></span></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Proses
perubahan bunyi yang menyebabkannya mirip atau sama dengan bunyi lain yang ada.
Contohnya: Sabtu (BM) – Saptu (B. Indonesia)</span></b></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">3.</span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Bilingualisme</b><b> </b></span></h2>
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<b><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Pemakaian dua bahasa atau lebih oleh penutur bahasa atau oleh suatu masyarakat bahasa. </span></span></b></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">4.</span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Dialek</b><b> </b></span></h2>
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<b><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Satu bentuk bahasa yang digunakan dalam sesuatu daerah atau oleh sesuatu kelas sosial berbeza daripada bahasa standard, loghat, pelat daerah (negeri dll).</span></span></b></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">5.</span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Dialektologi</b><b> </b></span></h2>
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<b><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Kajian tentang dialek. </span></span></b></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">6.</span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Dwiglosia</b><b> </b></span></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Penggunaan
dua bahasa yang berlainan atau dua kelainan bahasa yang satu tinggi, rasmi da
formal sedangkan yang satu lagi rendah, tidak rasmi dan basahan.</span></b></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">7.</span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Etnografi<br />
</b><b> </b></span></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Kajian tentang kehidupan dan kebudayaan suatu masyarakat atau etnik. Contoh: adat-istiadat, kebiasaan, hukum, seni, agama dan bahasa. </span></b></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">8.</span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Etnologi</b><b> </b></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Mengkaji rumpun (suku/kumpulan) bangsa manusia dan pelbagai aspek kebudayaannya serta perhubungan antara satu bangsa dengan yang lain. </span></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">9.</span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Idiolek</b><b> </b></span></h2>
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<b><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Variasi bahasa seseorang individu. </span></span></b></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">10.</span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Imperialisme</b><b> </b></span></h2>
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<b><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Dasar atau tindakan sesebuah negara menjajah atau mengenakan kuasa pemerintahannya ke atas negara-negara lain.</span></span></b></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">11.</span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Lingua
Franca</b><b> </b></span></h2>
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<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bahasa perantara yang digunakan secara sistematik untuk tujuan perhubungan antara orang-orang yang tidak sama bahasa ibundanya. </span></span></span></b></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">12.</span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Loghat</b><b> </b></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Bahasa yang menjadi ciri satu golongan tertentu dalam kalangan penutur bahasa itu. </span></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">13.</span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Multilingualisme</b><b> </b></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Gejala pada seseorang yang ditandai oleh kemampuan dan kebiasaan dalam memakai lebih dari satu bahasa.</span></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">14.</span></b></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Neurolinguistik</span></b></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Salah satu bidang kajian interdisplin dalam ilmu linguistik dan ilmu kedoktoran yang mengkaji hubungan antara otak manusia dengan bahasa. </span></b></h2>
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</tr>
<tr>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">15.</span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Pelat</b><b> </b></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Kurang betul mengucapkan kata-kata atau telor. </span></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">16.</span></b></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Penganjakan
bahasa</span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Usaha untuk mempertingkatkan komunikasi dengan cara mengkaji hubungan antara pengguna bahasa atau mencipta satu situasi bahasa. </span></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">17.</span></b></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Perancangan
Korpus</span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Pembinaan bahasa yang melibatkan pengekodan bahasa. </span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">18.</span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Percampuran
kod</b><b> </b></span></h2>
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<b><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Satu keadaan penutur berbicara menggunakan dua bahasa atau lebih bahasa. </span></span></b></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">19.</span></b></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Psikolinguistik</span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Cabang linguitik yang bergabung dengan ilmu psikolinguistik bahasa dan pertuturan, iaitu proses yang berlaku pada waktu seseorang bertutur dan memahami ayat-ayat yang didengarnya. </b></span></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">20.</span></b></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Sosiolinguistik</span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bidang ilmu yang mengkaji kesan sebarang aspek masyarakat ke atas bahasa.</span></b></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">(<a href="http://dict.rewaz.org/search/browse/">sumber</a>)</span></div>MOHD HELMIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11159589690919881510noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6105442838286306535.post-42091350358800365972012-05-04T12:55:00.000+08:002012-05-04T12:55:19.292+08:00PENGEKALAN BAHASAPengekalan bahasa merupakan bahasa masyarakat asing yang datang ke sesbuah negara dan masih mengekalkan bahasa ibunda dan budaya mereka. Sebagai contoh, masyarakat Cina yang datang ke Malaysia dan masih menggunakan bahasa ibunda mereka walaupun datang dalam kelompok yang kecil. Kebiasaannya pengekalan bahasa ini dibawa oleh kelompak yang pertama datang ke Malaysia. Mereka ini akan cuba mengajar bahasa ibunda mereka kepada anak-anak yang lahir di sesuatu tempat tersebut. Malah, mereka juga mengambil guru, sukatan pelajaran, dan buku daripada China. Malah, masyarakat Cina ini juga menubuhkan persatuan atau kumpulan yang ada kepentingan dengan bahasa dan budaya Cina. Bahasa ibunda mereka akan terus dikekalkan sehingga sekarang.MOHD HELMIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11159589690919881510noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6105442838286306535.post-36520856376079962422012-05-02T08:54:00.001+08:002012-05-02T09:05:44.079+08:00VANDALISME<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Apakah itu
vandalisme?</span></div>
<ul type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Vandalisme ialah perbuatan
merosakkan atau memusnahkan kemudahan awam atau harta persendirian tanpa
sebab yang sah di sisi undang-undang.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Vandalisme mengakibatkan pihak
awam dan swasta mengalami kerugian kerana terpaksa mengeluarkan kos untuk
membaiki dan menggantikan barang-barang yang rosak.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Vandalisme boleh dilakukan
secara sendirian atau berkumpulan.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mengapa vandalisme terjadi ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sebab-sebabnya adalah:</span></div>
<ul type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Untuk mendapatkan sesuatu,
contohnya duit dari telefon awam</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Untuk masuk ke sesuatu tempat,
contohnya memecah masuk ke dalam rumah</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Untuk menyatakan sesuatu idea
dan kepercayaan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Untuk membalas dendam</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Untuk meluahkan rasa tidak puas
hati terhadap seseorang atau sesebuah organisasi</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Untuk keseronokan dan kepuasan
diri</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Untuk diterima sebagai kawan
dan ahli kumpulan</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mengapa
remaja terlibat dalam geng (kumpulan vandalisme)?<br />
Remaja terlibat dalam geng (kumpulan vandalisme) kerana pelbagai sebab seperti:</span></div>
<ul type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Keseronokan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Rasa megah / status</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Perlindungan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Peluang untuk mencari wang dan
sumber pendapatan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Rasa diterima oleh ahli
kumpulan (sense of belonging)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dipaksa (jarang berlaku)</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Apakah ciri-ciri lain yang boleh dikaitkan dengan
vandalisme?</span></div>
<ul type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Remaja yang terlibat dengan
vandalisme biasanya menghadapi masalah peribadi sejak kecil dan tidak mendapat
rawatan yang sepatutnya.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Masalah peribadi yang tidak
dirawat boleh mengakibatkan tingkah laku anti sosial</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Masalah-masalah ini mungkin
melibatkan aspek emosi, mental, sosial dan fizikal.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Contoh-contoh masalah yang boleh
menjuruskan kepada kelakuan vandalisme adalah :</span></li>
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ponteng kelas atau sekolah</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Melepak di kawasan awam semasa
atau di luar waktu sekolah</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Lewat bangun pagi dan pulang
lewat malam</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kemahiran sosial yang lemah</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mencari perhatian dengan cara
yang negatif</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jarang berhubung dengan ahli
keluarga atau rakan-rakan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tekanan perasaan dan masalah
mental yang lain</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Masalah keluarga</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Masalah dalam persahabatan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Masalah di sekolah</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Masalah dengan pihak berkuasa
dan undang-undang</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penyalahgunaan dadah</span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Apakah akibat buruk menjadi seorang remaja yang
terlibat dalam vandalisme?</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Remaja
yang aktif melakukan vandalisme akan mudah menjadi penjenayah apabila
dewasa kelak, dan mungkin juga akan terlibat dalam keganasan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Remaja
yang melakukan vandalisme biasanya terlibat dalam lain-lain salahlaku
seperti gangguan seksual, pencerobohan, kecurian dan pencemaran alam
persekitaran (contohnya pembuangan sampah sarap di tempat yang tidak
sesuai).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Remaja
yang melakukan vandalisme selalunya menghadapi masalah dengan pihak
sekolah.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Remaja
yang melakukan vandalisme selalunya mendapat laporan buruk dari pihak
sekolah, keadaan ini boleh mengurangkan peluang untuk mereka berjaya dalam
hidup.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ini
akan menimbulkan lebih banyak masalah ketika mereka sudah dewasa kerana
ianya menjuruskan mereka kepada aktiviti jenayah mereka akan menjalani
kehidupan yang kurang sihat.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Vandalisme
akan mengakibatkan kerugian besar dan menyusahkan masyarakat terutamanya
apabila kemudahan awam (contohnya telefon awam) tidak dapat digunakan di
waktu kecemasan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Vandalisme
terhadap harta benda dan perkhidmatan awam mungkin mengakibatkan
kehilangan nyawa pada waktu kecemasan yang kritikal</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gangguan
fizikal dan emosi boleh membawa kepada masalah peribadi dan sosial seperti
tekanan, tingkahlaku agresif serta putus hubungan persahabatan.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
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</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
</m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac>MOHD HELMIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11159589690919881510noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6105442838286306535.post-76724402338401550852012-05-02T07:20:00.000+08:002012-05-02T07:26:50.362+08:00BAHASA KREOL<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bahasa Kreol merupakan bahasa
yang sudah menjadi bahasa ibunda serta merupakan bahasa pertama bagi sesebuah
keluarga atau pun kelompoknya. Penggunaan bahasa ini tidak terbatas kepada
kelompoknya sahaja, malah turut juga ditiru sebutannya oleh masyarakat Melayu
yang hidup bersama kelompok penutur tersebut. Menurut R.A. Hudson (1983: 66),
menyatakan bahawa bahasa kreol adalah daripada bahasa pidgin yang telah
diterima sebagai bahasa natif. Manakala Peter Trudgill pula mendefinisikan
bahasa kreol sebagai bahasa pidgin yang telah mempunyai penutur-penutur yang
menukarkannya sebagai pertama, seperti yang tersebut dalam bukunya yang telah
diterjemahkan oleh Nik Safiah Karim (1984: 234) “Sosiolinguistik Satu
Pengenalan”. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
“Bahasa Kreol ialah bahasa yang bukan berasal daripada bahasa tempatan
sesebuah negara tetapi datang dari luar. Ia telah begitu lama digunakan dan
menerima unsur-unsur bahasa tempatan. Bahasa itu kemudiannya menjadi bahasa
natif atau bahasa ibunda bagi kelompok penutur dalam masyarakat berkenaan.”
(Raminah Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam 1985: 250) Sementara Asmah Haji Omar
(1991: 28) pula berpendapat bahawa bahasa kreol adalah bahasa kacukan yang
sudah mantap, yang merupakan kacukan daripada sekurang-kurangnya dua bahasa.</span><br />
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</m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac>MOHD HELMIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11159589690919881510noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6105442838286306535.post-59137842819272743462012-05-02T01:21:00.001+08:002012-05-02T01:21:30.589+08:00DIALEK KELANTAN (SABDU)Sebutan dialek Kelantan berbeza dengan sebutan bahasa baku. Jika diperhatika orang Kelantan menyebut perkataan dialek Kelantan, setiap perkataan yang disebut terdapat "<b>sabdu</b>" pada perkataan tersebut. Masyarakat yang bukan penduduk asal Kelantan susah untuk menyebut dialek Kelantan ini kerana sebutan bukan penduduk Kelantan bunyinya berbeza. Hal ini kerana orang bukan penduduk Kelantan menyebut perkataan dialek Kelantan tanpa adanya "<b>sabdu</b>". Selain itu, <b>intonasi</b> yang digunakan bukan penduduk Kelantan juga berbeza nadanya. Oleh itu, sukar bagi masyarakat bukan Kelantan untuk bercakap dialek Kelantan dan memahami percakapan masyarakat Kelantan. <br />
<br />
contoh :<br />
i) manno - nak pergi ke mana.<br />
ii) maghi manno - datang dari mana.MOHD HELMIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11159589690919881510noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6105442838286306535.post-86212491648027250512012-05-02T00:36:00.001+08:002012-05-02T00:36:16.548+08:00GANTI NAMA DIRI DAN KATA KERJAKata Ganti Nama Diri ialah perkataan yang menggantikan perkataan nama. Kata Ganti Nama Diri terbahagi kepada tiga :<br />
i) Ganti Nama Diri Pertama - kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan orang yang bercakap.<br />
contoh : saya, aku.<br />
<br />
ii) Ganti Nama Diri Kedua - kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan orang yang lawan bercakap.<br />
contoh : awak, kamu.<br />
<br />
iii) Ganti Nama Diri Ketiga - kata yang dirujuk kepada orang ketiga, iaitu orang yang diperkatakan.<br />
contoh : dia, mereka.<br />
<br />
Kata kerja ialah kata yang menunjukkan perbuatan.<br />
contoh : tendang, menari, berlari. <br />
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- Kata kerja di- yang diikuti <i>oleh</i> perlulah hadir
Kata Ganti Nama Diri Ketiga. Contohnya, "buku itu dibaca oleh
mereka", dan bukannya 'buku itu dibaca oleh saya'. Selain itu, jika ingin
mengguna Kata Ganti Nama Diri pertama dan kedua adalah seperti berikut
"buku itu saya baca". </span></div>
</m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac>MOHD HELMIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11159589690919881510noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6105442838286306535.post-84834416556323006012012-05-01T00:26:00.001+08:002012-05-01T00:26:09.850+08:00KESANTUNAN BERBAHASAKesantuhan berbahasa merupakan cara penggunaan bahasa seseorang dalam berkomunikasi dengan orang sekeliling. Selain cara penggunaan bahasa, kesantunan berbahasa juga dapat dilihat daripada cara sapaan seseorang sama ada secara lisan atau secara bertulis. Hal ini supaya seseorang itu tidak dianggap sebagai orang yang biadab atau tidak berbudi bahasa. Dalam bahasa Melayu, kesantunan berbahasa mempunyai sistem sapaan dan panggilan yang tersendiri. Sistem sapaan dan panggilan ini melibatkan penggabungan gelaran, rujukan hormat dan ganti nama.<br />
<br />
Kesantunan berbahasa mempunyai ciri-ciri yang tertentu seperti penggunaan kosan kata dan ganti nama diberi perhatian khusus agar sesuai dengan kedudukan, pangkat, umur, dan keakraban hubungan. Selain itu, kesantunan berbahasa juga dikaitkan dengan penggunaan bahasa halus, termasuk dalamnya ialah laras bahasa istana.MOHD HELMIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11159589690919881510noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6105442838286306535.post-23762123569126649332012-04-30T15:10:00.001+08:002012-04-30T15:10:22.505+08:00SISTEM SAPAAN ERVIN-TRIP<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ervin-Trip (1971) : kajian mengenai komponen interaksi
bersemuka (face-to-face) sebagaimana yang berlaku berkait dengan struktur
formal bahasa. Komponen ini termasuklah peserta, suasana, fungsi interaksi,
tajuk, pesanan dan saluran.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem sapaan Ervin-Trip ada 3 rumus</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">i) Rumus alternasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ii) Rumus kejadian bersama</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">iii) Rumus perurutan</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rumus alternasi : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">seseorang akan memilih salah satu daripada pasangan
seperti antara kanak-kanak atau orang dewasa, diketahui nama atau tidak,
bergelar atau tidak, tua atau muda, di dalam suasana status yang menonjol atau
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rumus kejadian bersama : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">sesuatu rujukan terhormat mesti disesuaikan dengan
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rumus perurutan:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">terdapat susunan kata-kata sapaan yang dimulai dengan
rujukan kehormat kepada gelaran yang disandang dan selepas itu nama peribadi
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>MOHD HELMIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11159589690919881510noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6105442838286306535.post-58473469754919308112012-04-30T12:37:00.001+08:002012-04-30T12:37:59.812+08:00PERANCANGAN BAHASAPerancangan bahasa merujuk kepada usaha-usaha yang disengajakan untuk mempengaruhi tingkah laku orang-orang lain dari segi pemerolehan, struktur atau peruntukan fungsi bahasa. Biasanya akan membabitkan perkembangan matlamat, objektif, dan strategi untuk mengubah cara bagaimana bahasa digunakan. Istilah perancangan bahasa sering dikaitkan dengan konteks dunia ketiga, dan dilihat sebagai suatu alat untuk mengasaskan bahasa kebangsaan piawai sebagai sebahagian daripada proses pemodenan, dan pembangunana negara. <br />
<br />
Perancangan Korpus :<br />
Merujuk kepada cmpur tangan dalam bentuk-bentuk sebuah bahasa. Perancangan korpus boleh dicapai melaui mencipta kata-kata atau ungkapan,ungkapan yang baru, mengubah suai yang lama, atau memilih antara bentuk-bentuk alternatif. Bertujuan untuk mengembangkan sumber-sumber sebuah bahasa supaya menjadi satu perantara komunikasi yang sesuai untuk topik-topik moden dan bentuk-bentuk huraian yang dilengkapi dengan istilah yang diperlukan untuk kegunaan pentadbiran, pendidikan, dan sebagainya. Perancangan korpus membabitkan penyediaan ortografi normatif, tatabahasa, dan kamus untuk panduan penulis dan penutur dalam sebuah komuniti pertuturan. Bagi sebuah bahasa yang dahulunya tidak tertulis, langkah pertama dalam perancangan korpus ialah pengembangan sebuah sistem tulisan. <br />
<br />
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</m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac>MOHD HELMIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11159589690919881510noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6105442838286306535.post-61891090795652124642012-04-30T07:25:00.000+08:002012-04-30T07:25:39.636+08:00BAHASA HALUSBahasa halus merupakan sistem bahasa yang beradat, bersopan santun dan berbudaya tinggi. Perkataan yang digunakan melambangkan kesopanan dan bernilai tinggi serta lengkap dengan sistem nahu. Bahasa halus juga seperti menggunakan kata ganti nama yang versopan serta nada pengucapan yang rendah, lembut, dan menimbulkan kemesraan. Kebiasaannya bahasa halus digunakan untuk :-<br />
<br />
i) menghormati orang yang dilawan bercakap.<br />
ii) menjaga perasaan orang dilawan bercakap.<br />
iii) mewujudkan kemesraan.<br />
iv) menghaormati peraturan adat istiadat.<br />
<br />
contoh penggunaan bahasa halus :<br />
- saya mahu pergi ke tandas.MOHD HELMIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11159589690919881510noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6105442838286306535.post-84804855639679699852012-04-29T02:01:00.004+08:002012-04-29T02:01:53.781+08:00ASSALAMUALAIKUMAssalamualaikum merupakan perkataan yang mulia dalam islam. Sebagai umat islam, jika kita pergi ke rumah orang atau bertemu dengan seseorang yang kita kenali atau tidak, kita digalakkan mengucapkan assalamualaikum. Ucapan assalamualaikum selalu kita dengar dimana sahaja tidak kira di tempat awam atau juga dalam telefon bimbit. Selain perkataan assalamualaikum, perkataan salam juga membawa makna yang sama cuma perkataan salam ringkas berbanding assalamualaikum. Ucapan assalamuaikum juga menunjukkan bahawa seseorang itu mempunyai budi bahasa dalam memulakan percakapan, malah dapat mengeratkan hubungan silaturrahim.<br />
<br />
contoh perbualan :-<br />
Ali : Assalamualaikum Abu.<br />
Abu : Waalaikumussalam Ali.<br />
Ali : Datang dari mana ni.<br />
Abu : Baya baru pulang dari membeli barang dapur sikit ni.<br />
Ali : Banyak juga yang kamu beli.<br />
Abu : Tak ada la banyak sangat. Biasa je. Ali, saya nak cepat ni. Ada kerja yang perlu dilakukan. Nanti kita berborak lagi. Assalamualaikum.<br />
Ali : Baiklah. Waalaikumussalam.MOHD HELMIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11159589690919881510noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6105442838286306535.post-78258622579419093472012-04-27T23:38:00.000+08:002012-04-30T07:46:15.398+08:00KESANTUNAN<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kesantunan, dalam maksud yang
lebih luas, tidak merujuk kepada kesantunan berbahasa semata-mata tetapi juga
merujuk kepada aspek nonverval seperti tingkah laku, mimik muka,dan nada suara.
Dalam hal ini, Lakoff (1975) mendefinisikan kesantunan sebagai perlakuan yang
mengurangkan pergeseran dalam sesuatu interaksi. Fraser dan Nolan (1981) pula
menyatakan bahawa kesantunan berlaku apabila kontrak perbualan digunakan oleh
penutur dan pendengar bagi mengekalkan hubungan yang harmoni dalam komunikasi.
Selain itu, kesantunan dianggap sebagai usaha mengurangkan Tindakan Ancaman
Muka (TAM) dalam perbualan terhadap pendengar (Brown dan Levinson, 1987).<br />
<br />
Dalam konteks kesantunan berbahasa pula, Asmah Hj. Omar (2000) mengaitkannya
dengan penggunaan bahasa sehari-hari yang tidak menimbulkan kegusaran,
kemarahan dan rasa tersinggung daripada pihak pendengar. Keadaan yang demikian
akan menimbulkan suasana hubungan yang harmoni antara penutur dan pendengar.<br />
<br />
Dalam masyarakat Melayu, kesantunan bukan sahaja merujuk kepada latar sosio
budaya msayarakatnya yang berpegang pada adapt resam, malah diperkukuh oleh
pegangan Islam yang dianuti. Hal ini tergambar dalam perbilangan adat yang
berbunyi:<br />
<br />
“Adat bersendikan hukum, hukum bersendikan kitab Allah”.<br />
<br />
Oleh itu, konsep kesantunan tidak lengkap jika perbincangannya terbatas kepada
aspek berbahasa dan perlakuan semata-mata, jika tidak dikaitkan dengan konsep
keihklasan. Seseorang itu boleh menuturkan kata-kata yang indah atau
menunjukkan tingkah laku yang sopan dalam sesuatu situasi, tetapi perlakuan
tersebut belum pasti menggambarkan keihklasannya. Manusia boleh bertopeng
dengan pelbagai wajah untuk mencapai hasratnya, sedangkan hakikatnya tiada
sesiapa yang tahu. <br />
<br />
<br />
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</m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac>MOHD HELMIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11159589690919881510noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6105442838286306535.post-79712407784698344812012-04-27T23:33:00.000+08:002012-04-27T23:33:49.947+08:00SETIA BAHASASetia bahasa ialah sikap masyarakat yang yakin dengan kemampuan bahasa sendiri sebagai bahasa perhubungan atau komunikasi dalam negara. Sikap masyarakat penutur bahasa itu yang positif terhadap bahasanya akan menjadikan bahasa tersebut sebagai bahasa pertuturan harian atau bahasa perhubungan antara kaum. Sebagai contoh di Malaysia, sikap masyarakatnya yang yakin dengan bahasa Melayu sebagai bahasa perantaraan dan dapat difahami oleh semua masyarakat dalam negara.<br />
<br />
Selain itu, sikap setia bahasa ini akan melahirkan rasa kasih sayang dalam diri masyarakat terhadap bahasa Melayu sebagai bahasa komunikasi. Dengan lahirnya rasa kasih sayang ini dalam diri masyarakat, maka sebagai masyarakat penutur mestilah memelihara kedudukan bahasa Melayu supaya tidak akan tersisih dari kehidupan masyarakat. Masyarakat juga harus menjaga bahasa Melayu agar tidak mudah dicampuradukkan oleh sesetengah pihak sehingga boleh menyebabkan bahasa Melayu menjadi semakin hilang.<br />
<br />
Sikap cinta bahasa ini memerlukan kita menjaga kedudukan bahasa Melayu sebagai lambang bahasa perpaduan kita. Setiap masyarakat haruslah berperanan dalam memelihara bahasa Melayu agar terus kekal sebagai bahasa komunikasi yang utama. Dengan kata lain, bahasa Melayu sebagai "bahasa kepunyaan bersama".<br />
<br />MOHD HELMIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11159589690919881510noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6105442838286306535.post-66358681037979819502012-04-27T11:36:00.002+08:002012-04-27T11:36:56.808+08:00TERIMA KASIHUngkapan terima kasih amat dititik beratkan dalam kalangan masyarakat kita terutama dalam kalangan generasi muda. Ungkapan terima kasih ini amat jarang kita dengan dari mulut anak-anak muda sekarang dan walaupun ada tidak banyak yang kita dengar. Terima kasih ini perlulah diterapkan dalam diri anak-anak sewaktu mereka masih kecil lagi. Hal ini supaya anak-anak akan terbiasa dengan ucapan terima kasih.<br />
<br />
Ungkapan terima kasih amat elok diamalkan sebagai contoh jika kita berada di kedai makan dan pekerja kedai makan menghantar makanan, sebaiknya kita mengucapkan terima kasih kerana pekerja tersebut telah susah payah menghantar makanan kepada kita. Selain itu, dengan ucapan terima kasih ini pekerja tersebut akan berasa dia dihormati dan dia akan berasa bersemangat untuk terus bekerja. Saya pernah melihat satu situasi di mana semasa pekerja diberi ucapan terima kasih, mereka tersenyum dan muka mereka nampak lebih bersemangat untuk terus bekerja.<br />
<br />
Ucapan terima kasih perlulah diamalkan oleh setiap masyarakat, bukan sahaja untuk menunjukkan rasa hormat, malah juga dengan ucapan terima kasih ini dapat mengerat dan merapatkan hubungan silaturrahim sesama kita.MOHD HELMIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11159589690919881510noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6105442838286306535.post-89012743505375739342012-04-27T11:21:00.001+08:002012-04-27T11:21:14.115+08:00RUJUKAN HORMAT<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Yang Maha
Mulia</span></div>
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<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 50%;" width="50%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Raja
Muda atau Tengku Mahkota</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 50%;" width="50%">
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Duli
Yang Teramat Mulia atau Yang Teramat Mulia</span></div>
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<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 50%;" width="50%">
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kerabat
Diraja Karib</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 50%;" width="50%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Yang
Amat Mulia</span></div>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 50%;" width="50%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bergelar
warisan</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 50%;" width="50%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Yang
Mulia</span></div>
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<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 50%;" width="50%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Perdana
Menteri, Timbalan Perdana Menteri, Menteri Besar, Ketua Menteri</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 50%;" width="50%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Yang
Amat Berhormat</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 50%;" width="50%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Menteri,
Ahli Parlimen, Ahli Dewan Undangan Negeri (wakil rakyat)</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 50%;" width="50%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Yang
Berhormat</span></div>
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<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 50%;" width="50%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Wakil
Rakyat yang mempunyai gelaran Tengku atau Raja</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 50%;" width="50%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Yang
Berhormat Mulia</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 50%;" width="50%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tun, Toh
Puan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 50%;" width="50%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Yang
Amat Berbahagia</span></div>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 50%;" width="50%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Yang
mempunyai gelaran kurniaan kerajaan (selain Tun dan Toh Puan) atau/dan
gelaran ikhtisas yang formal</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 50%;" width="50%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Yang
Berbahagia</span></div>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 50%;" width="50%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ketua
Hakim Negara</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 50%;" width="50%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Yang
Amat Arif</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 50%;" width="50%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ketua
Polis Negara</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 50%;" width="50%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Yang
Amat Setia</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 50%;" width="50%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hakim,
Kadi</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 50%;" width="50%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Yang
Arif</span></div>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 50%;" width="50%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mufti
dan pemimpin Islam</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 50%;" width="50%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sahibul
Samahah</span></div>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 50%;" width="50%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ketua
jabatan tanpa gelaran</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt; width: 50%;" width="50%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Yang
Berusaha</span></div>
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</m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac>MOHD HELMIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11159589690919881510noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6105442838286306535.post-71309440398329957502012-04-27T07:34:00.000+08:002012-04-27T07:34:00.335+08:00GELARANGelaran Pergaulan Bebas :-<br />
Biasanya Cik digunakan untuk perempuan yang belum berkahwin, manakala Encik untuk lelaki sahaja.<br />
<br />
Gelaran Pergaulan Formal :-<br />
Tuan - digunakan untuk lelaki yang lebih tinggi pangkatnya daripada diri sendiri, dan orang lelaki bergelar Haji, Doktor, Profesor dan Syed.<br />
<br />
Encik, Cik - boleh digunakan untuk lelaki yang lebih tinggi pangkatnya daripada diri sendiri seperti Encik Ahmad @ Cik Ahmad.<br />
<br />
Puan - untuk perempuan sahaja yang pangkatnya lebih tinggi daripada diri sendiri dan perempuan yang mempunyai gelaran Doktor, Profesor dan sebagainya.<br />
<br />
Saudara - digunakan untuk orang lelaki atau perempuan yang seumur dengan diri sendiri atau lebih muda dan hubungannya belum rapat dengan diri sendiri datau digunakan dalam rujukan kepada ahli-ahli dalam mesyuarat, perbahasan dan sebagainya.<br />
<br />
Saudari - digunakan untuk perempuan sahaja dalam konteks yang sama dengan penggunaan gelaran saudara.<br />
<br />
Tetuan - hanya digunakan dalam surat rasmi yang ditujukan kepada para pemilik atau pentadbir syarikat perniagaan seperti Tetuan Syarikat Sinaran Sdn. Bhd.<br />
<br />
Gelaran Warisan :-<br />
Contoh Raja (Perak, Selangor), Tengku (Kelantan, Pahang, Kedah, Terengganu), Pangeran, Pangeran Anak, pangeran Muda (Brunei Darussalam).<br />
<br />
Gelaran keturunan orang-orang besar - Megat dan Puteri (Perak), Nik (Kelantan), Wan (Kelantan, terengganu), Abang (Sarawak), Datu (Sabah), Tan (Kedah), Tun (Terengganu), Awangku, Pangeran, Dayangku (Brunei Darussalam).<br />
<br />
Gelaran Kurniaan :-<br />
Tun, Toh Puan, Puan Sri, Datuk (Datuk Seri, Datuk Paduka, Datuk Setia), Datuk (Datuk Patingi, Datuk Amar), Datik Paduka (gelaran yang dikurniakan oleh kerajaan negeri Selangor), Toh Puan ( isteri kepada Datuk di Terengganu).<br />
<br />
Pendete Za'ba (gelaran kurniaan yang diberikan oleh pertubuhan seperti Kongres Bahasa Melayu Ketiga (2956). Gelaran Bapa Kemerdekaan Kpeda Tuanku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj.MOHD HELMIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11159589690919881510noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6105442838286306535.post-89015987468449373402012-04-26T19:27:00.000+08:002012-04-26T19:27:18.927+08:00PERCAMPURAN KOD<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sentiasalah setting niat,
upgrade iman, download sabar, upload usaha, delete dosa, update doa dan top up
ilmu, supaya dapatlah redeem pahala.</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ayat di atas merupakan percampuran dua bahasa, iaitu bahasa Melayu dan bahasa Inggeris. Percampuran dua bahasa ini selalu kita lihat tidak kira di mana sama ada di facebook, dalam telefon, dalam surat khabar atau mana sahaja. Percampuran dua bahasa ini sejak akhir-akhir sudah menjadi terlalu tersohor sehinggakan pelajar sekolah sendiri menggunakan bahasa percampuran kod ini. Hal ini disebabkan mereka terpengaruh terutama dengan media massa seperti televisyen, internet dan sebagainya. Keadaan ini amat merisaukan kerana kemungkinan bahasa Melayu akan hilang dalam jangka masa beberapa tahun dari sekarang. Percampuran dua bahasa ini tidak semestinya berlaku dalam kalangan masyarakat dan masyarakat harus diberi kesedaran tentang hal ini. </span></div>
</m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac>MOHD HELMIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11159589690919881510noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6105442838286306535.post-21752946985488622642012-04-26T12:52:00.000+08:002012-04-26T12:52:16.160+08:00DIALEKDialek terbahagi kepada tiga :-<br />
<br />
i) Dialek sosial<br />
ii) Dialek daerah<br />
iii) Dialek seketika<br />
<br />
Dialek sosial :<br />
Dialek sosial ialah dialek yang digunakan oleh kumpulan-kumpulan penutur mengikut kelas. Dialek sosial juga dikenali sebagai sosiolek.<br />
<br />
Dialek daerah :<br />
Dialek daerah ialah dialek yang dituturkan dalam satu-satu kawasan geografi. Setiap kawasan geografi mempunyai dialeknya yang tersendiri dan dialek yang ditutr oleh satu-satu kawasan tidak difahami oleh kawasan yang lain. Sebagai contoh, dialek Kelantan, dialek Terengganu, dialek Perak, dialek Kedah dan sebagainya.<br />
<br />
Dialek seketika :<br />
Dialek seketika dilihat dari sudut zaman, penggunaan dialek adalah mengikut kepada perkembangan zaman sepertu bahasa Melayu Kuno, bahasa Melayu Klasik, bahasa Melayu zaman Melaka, bahasa Melayu zaman Johor Lama, bahasa Melayu zaman pramoden, dan bahasa Melayu zaman moden. MOHD HELMIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11159589690919881510noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6105442838286306535.post-44440233658831409452012-04-26T10:03:00.000+08:002012-04-26T10:03:01.654+08:00BAHASA SINDIRANBahasa sindiran ialah bahasa yang digunakan oleh seseorang untuk menyindir orang lain. Penggunaan bahasa sindiran ini bertujuan menjaga hati orang yang disindir. Hal ini kerana bahasa yang digunakan tidak terus ditujukan kepada orang tersebut. Namun terdapat juga bahasa sindiran yang berbunyi agak kasar. Bahasa sindiran terbahagi kepada tiga :-<br />
<br />
i) unsur ironi<br />
Bahasa sindiran unsur ironi ialah bahasa yang menyatakan sesuatu tetapi mempunyai makna di sebaliknya. Bertujuan untuk menyindir orang lain dan biasanya membawa maksud yang bertentangan dengan maksud ayat tersebut.<br />
contoh:<br />
- buatlah apa yang kau suka, kan kita ni boleh hidup sepanjang zaman.<br />
<br />
ii) unsur sarkasme<br />
Bahasa sindiran ini bersifat lebih kasar bahasanya daripada unsur sinisme. Bahasa sindiran unsur sarkasme biasanya dugunakan untuk memarahi seseorang dengan kata-kata yang lebih kasar. Selalunya ia terjadi sewaktu seseorang itu sedang marah.<br />
contoh:<br />
- pergi jahanamlah kamu!, biarlah dia mampus aku tak peduli.<br />
<br />
iii) unsur sinisme<br />
Menggunakan bahasa sindiran yang kasar. Bertujuan untuk menyindir dengan kata-kata yang lebih kasar.<br />
contoh:<br />
- jijik aku melihat telatahnya, muntah aku melihat mukamu.<br />
<br />MOHD HELMIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11159589690919881510noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6105442838286306535.post-38582767618540446932012-04-26T08:49:00.000+08:002012-04-26T08:49:09.699+08:00BAHASA ISTANABahasa istana merupakan bahasa yang hanya digunakan dalam kalangan kerabat diraja. Rakyat biasa yang ingin berhubung dengan kerabat diraja juga diperlukan menggunakan bahasa istana. Selain itu, bahasa istana akan digunakan apabila menyebut hal-ehwal berkenaan raja.<br />
<br />
Bahasa istana berasal dari bahasa yang sama tetapi bahasa istana mempunyai kosa kata yang berlainan dengan bahasa yang biasa ditutur oleh masyarakat. Di bawah beberapa contoh bahasa istana :-<br />
<br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
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<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">beri;
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<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">berlepas;
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">bercemar
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">berjalan;
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">beranak;
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">berkata</span></div>
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<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">bersiram</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">mandi</span></div>
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<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">bertitah</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">berkata</span></div>
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<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">beta</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">saya
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">bahagia</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">gering</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">sakit</span></div>
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<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">hari
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">hari jadi</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">kepala</span></div>
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<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">iram-iram</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">payung</span></div>
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<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">kaus</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">kasut</span></div>
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<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">kurnia</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">beri;
hadiah</span></div>
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<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">mahkota</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">topi</span></div>
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<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">makam</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">kubur</span></div>
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<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">mati;
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
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<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
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<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">patik</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">saya
(rakyat menghadap raja)</span></div>
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<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
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<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
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<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">anak
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<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
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<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
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<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
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<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Istilah bahasa baku dan
bahasa standart merujuk kepada perkara yang sama. Pembakuan merujuk kepada
proses pengekodan bahasa. Biasanya pengekodan bahasa melibatkan aspek
tatabahasa, sebutan ejaan, pengkamusan dan peristilahan. Bahasa baku secara
tidak langsung boleh dikatakan bahasa yang sudah mendapat persetujuan daripada
semua masyarakat. Menurut sarjana dari barat Garwin dan Mathiot menyatakan
bahawa basa baku merupakan bahasa yang dikodifikai. Maksud kodifikasi ialah
hasil pengumpulan serta penyusunan pelbagai peraturan mengenai sesuatu bahasa
sehingga bahasa itu menjadi suatu keseluruhan yang bersistem dan teratur. Oleh
itu bahasa yang telah dikodifikasi adalah bahasa yang bersistem atau mempunyai
peraturan.<br />
<br />
Sistem bahasa baku lebih menyeluruh kepada masyarakat
kerana boleh difahami oleh semua masyarakat penutur dalam negara. Sebenarnya
bahasa baku ini digunakan hanya dalam majlis atau situasi-situasi rasmi sahaja.
Ramai yang berpendapat bahawa Bahasa Melayu Johor-Riau sebagai bahasa baku
kerana penggunaannya yang meluas dalam bidang pentadbiran dan juga di sekolah.
Sebagai bahasa yang mempunyai penutur yang ramai, khususnya di negeri Johor,
Melaka, Selangor dan sebahagian besar Perak dan juga berdasarkan faktor
sejarah, sudah tentu bahasa ini menjadi asas kepada pembentukan Bahasa Melayu
Baku. Akan tetapi, bukanlah bahasa tersebut merupakan bahasa baku yang
sebenarnya. Dalam proses perkembangan Bahasa Melayu Baku, ia akan membentuk
imejnya tersendiri. Kini Bahasa Melayu Baku adalah Bahasa Melayu yang
dikodifikasi dan seragam sifatnya. <br />
<br />
Menurut Profesor Nik Safiah Karim : “Bahasa
Melayu standard ialah variasi yang digunakan apabila orang-orang daripada berbagai-bagai
dialek di negara ini berkumpul dan berbincang dengan tujuan untuk difahami,
tiap-tiap pihak berusaha menggugurkan ciri-ciri kedaerahan masing-masing dan
menggunakan sedikit sebanyak variasi yang berasaskan Bahasa Melayu dialek
Johor-Riau, tetapi kini pertuturan Bahasa Melayu umum telah mempunyai
sifat-sifat tersendiri”. <br />
<br />
Berdasarkan kenyataan Nik Safiah ini, ternyata
bahawa Bahasa Melayu Baku bukan lagi dipunyai oleh penutur dialek tertentu
sahaja tetapi bahasa ini merupakan bahasa milik semua. Jadi, sesiapa pun tidak
boleh mengatakan bahawa Bahasa Melayu Baku ini adalah dialek Johor-Riau atau
dialek Kedah. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
</span><br />
<br />
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</m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac>MOHD HELMIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11159589690919881510noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6105442838286306535.post-65427131186434130112012-04-26T06:00:00.002+08:002012-04-26T07:15:45.577+08:00BAHASA RASMIBahasa rasmi ialah bahasa yang digunakan dalam situasi yang rasmi, iaitu seperti dalam urusan pemerintahan dan pentadbiran, sistem pendidikan negara, urusan perdagangan dan perusahaan, upacara rasmi, kehakiman dan sebagainya. Bahasa rasmi boleh jadi bukan bahasa kebangsaan kerana bahasa rasmi adalah bahasa yang semata-mata dianggap sebagai alat untuk tujuan tertentu yang tiada kaitan dengan semangat kebangsaan. Bahasa rasmi ini kebiasaannya dipilih daripada bahasa penjajah atau bahasa salah satu daripada bahasa negeri dalam negara tersebut. Sebagai contoh, bahasa Melayu menjadi bahasa rasmi di Malaysia kerana bahasa Melayu dapat digunakan sebagai bahasa ilmu dan dapat difahami oleh semua rakyat.<br />
<br />
Bahasa Melayu sebagai bahasa rasmi telah ditetapkan menjadi bahasa komunikasi dalam bidang pentadbiran. Mengikut perkara 152 Perlembagaan Persekutuan menyatakan bahawa bahasa rasmi digunakan dalam semua urusan rasmi sama ada di peringkat persekutuan, kerajaan negeri, dan juga badan berkanun. Malaysia telah menetapkan bahawa bahasa Melayu sebagai bahasa rasmi tetapi di Brunei menggunakan dua bahasa rasmi, iaitu bahasa Melayu dan bahasa Inggeris.MOHD HELMIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11159589690919881510noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6105442838286306535.post-12384616880051485182012-04-26T05:47:00.001+08:002012-04-26T05:47:14.586+08:00BAHASA KEBANGSAANBahasa Kebangsaan merupakan satu bahasa yang melambangkan identiti kebangsaan sesebuah negara bangsa atau negara itu secara unik. Bahasa kebangsaan biasanya digunakan di media massa, pusat pengajian tinggi, pemerintahan, perlimen, majlis konvokesyen, upacara rasmi kerajaan dan lain-lain. Selain itu, terdapat juga negara yang menggunakan lebih daripada satu bahasa kebangsaan. Sebagai contoh, negara Kanada yang menggunakan dua bahasa, iaitu bahasa Perancis dan bahasa Inggeris sebagai bahasa kebangsaan. Bahasa kebangsaan boleh jadi sebagai bahasa rasmi dan juga sebaliknya. Bahkan, bahasa kebangsaan juga mungkin berbeza dengan bahasa umum yang digunakan oleh rakyat dalam sesebuah negara tersebut. Bahasa kebangsaan ini menjadi kemegahan dan kebanggsaan bagi sesebuah negara.MOHD HELMIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11159589690919881510noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6105442838286306535.post-28238234081612459392012-04-25T19:16:00.001+08:002012-04-25T19:16:20.283+08:00PERIBAHASA<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Peribahasa menurut Luqman Ariffin & Abu Bakar Atan (2001), mencerminkan
ketajaman renungan dan pemikiran nenek moyang kita yang membandingkan realitu
kehidupan dengan segala gerak laku manusia dan alam sekeliling. Manakala
menurut Za'ba (1965), peribahasa ialah segala susunan cakap pendek yang melekat
di mulut orang ramai sejak beberapa lama oleh sebab sedap dan bijak
perkataanya, luas dan benar tujuannya.<br />
Peribahasa dapat dibahagikan kepada beberapa jenis seperti perumpamaan,
pepatah, bidalan, dan kata-kata hikmat.<br />
<br />
Perumpamaan:-<br />
Perumpamaan ialah peribahasa yang mengiaskan sesuatu maklumat dengan
maklumat yang lain. Perumpamaan dikenal juga sebagai kiasan. Perumpamaan ini
membawa kata-kata yang membawa makna yang tersurat dan tersirat. Perumpamaan
dapat dikenali atau dibezakan daripada peribahasa lain berdasarkan beberapa
perkataan, iaitu "seperti", "bak", "bagai",
"ibarat", "laksana", "macam", " umpama. <br />
contoh :<br />
Bagai anjing menyalak di ekor gajah.<br />
Ibarat burung, mata lepas badan terkurung.<br />
<br />
Bidalan:-<br />
Bidalan berfungsi sebagai memberi nasihat, peringatan dan sebagainya kepada
masyarakat di samping mempunyai ilmu, nilai dan pengajaran yang sangat
berguna.<br />
contoh :<br />
Hilang bini boleh dicari, hilang budi badan celaka.<br />
Berjalan peliharalah kaki, berkata perliharalah lidah.<br />
<br />
Pepatah:-<br />
Pepatah berfungsi sebagai panduan dan pedoman daripada orang-orang tua agar
masyarakat kini dapat menjalani kehidupan dan mengamalkan adat resam yang
sempurna.<br />
contoh :<br />
Jauh berjalan banyak pengalaman, lama hidup banyak merasa.<br />
Bagaimana acuan, begitulah kuihnya.<br />
<br />
Kata-kata hikmat:-<br />
Kata-kata hikmat merupakan hasil pemikiran bijak pandai dan tokoh-tokoh
tersohor. Kebiasaannya kata-kata hikmat mempunyai pengertian yang mendalam,
iaitu sebagai peringatan di samping menjadi panduan dalam kehidupan.<br />
contoh :<br />
Muafakat membawa berkat.<br />
<br />
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</m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac>MOHD HELMIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11159589690919881510noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6105442838286306535.post-3973300794969534042012-04-25T13:25:00.001+08:002012-05-02T07:23:27.369+08:00PENGARUH SMSRamai pelajar semasa membuat karangan menggunakan tulisan SMS dalam karangan mereka. Hal ini kerana mereka terpengaruh dengan bahasa SMS yang digunakan sehari-hari. Pengaruh bahasa SMS juga akan menyebabkan masalah ini semakin buruk. Para pelajar sepatutnya tidak terpengaruh oleh bahasa SMS dalam menulis karangan. Mereka juga sepatutnya dapat menbezakan bahasa SMS dengan bahasa penulisan karangan. Selain itu juga, masalah ini juga memerlukan peranan guru yang amat besar semasa mengajar karangan dalam kelas. Guru juga perlu sering mengingatkan pelajar tentang penggunaan bahasa SMS dalam karangan supaya pelajar sedar dan tahu akibat dan kesan penggunaan bahasa SMS dalam karangan.<br />
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Beberapa contoh bahasa SMS :-<br />
1) sape<br />
2) takyah<br />
3) takde<br />
4) xde<br />
5) katne<br />
6) bese<br />
7) pe<br />
8) watpe<br />
9) ak<br />
10) maneMOHD HELMIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11159589690919881510noreply@blogger.com0